# GO-GORM-SQLI-001: SQL Injection via GORM Raw/Exec

> **Severity:** CRITICAL | **CWE:** CWE-89 | **OWASP:** A03:2021

- **Language:** Go
- **Category:** Security
- **URL:** https://codepathfinder.dev/registry/golang/security/GO-GORM-SQLI-001
- **Detection:** `pathfinder scan --ruleset golang/GO-GORM-SQLI-001 --project .`

## Description

GORM is the most widely used Go ORM library. Its query builder methods (Where, Find,
First, Create, etc.) automatically parameterize struct conditions — those are generally
safe. However, GORM provides Raw() and Exec() methods for executing arbitrary SQL,
and these are vulnerable to injection when user input is concatenated into the query
string rather than passed as parameterized arguments.

GORM's parameterization syntax uses `?` positional placeholders for MySQL/SQLite and
`@name` named parameters for all databases. The critical mistake is using fmt.Sprintf
or string concatenation to build the query string passed to Raw()/Exec().

**CVE-2024-37896** (gin-vue-admin, CVSS 9.8 Critical): The most prominent recent Go
SQL injection CVE involved a GORM-based application where query parameters were passed
to GORM methods without sanitization, enabling authenticated attackers to perform full
SQL injection. gin-vue-admin has 20,000+ GitHub stars and is used in many production
administrative systems.

**GORM Security documentation** explicitly warns: "Raw SQL user inputs should be sanitized
to prevent SQL injection." The GORM docs list known unsafe patterns, including passing
user input directly to Raw(), Exec(), Order(), Group(), and Having().

**The false sense of security problem**: Developers using GORM often assume the ORM
prevents SQL injection everywhere. The Raw/Exec escape hatch is frequently added for
complex queries and is not protected by GORM's builder safety.


## Vulnerable Code

```python
# --- file: vulnerable.go ---
// GO-GORM-SQLI-001 positive test cases — all SHOULD be detected
package main

import (
	"net/http"

	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
	"gorm.io/gorm"
)

func gormExecInjection(db *gorm.DB, c *gin.Context) {
	id := c.Param("id")                                      // source
	db.Exec("DELETE FROM sessions WHERE user_id = " + id)   // SINK: standalone Exec
}

func gormRawWithStringConcat(db *gorm.DB, r *http.Request) {
	search := r.FormValue("search")                          // source
	query := "SELECT * FROM products WHERE name LIKE '%" + search + "%'"
	db.Raw(query)                                            // SINK: raw query
}

func gormExecViaFormValue(db *gorm.DB, r *http.Request) {
	table := r.FormValue("table")                            // source
	db.Exec("TRUNCATE TABLE " + table)                       // SINK
}

func gormRawViaGinQuery(db *gorm.DB, c *gin.Context) {
	filter := c.Query("where")                               // source
	db.Raw("SELECT * FROM users WHERE " + filter)           // SINK
}

# --- file: go.mod ---
module example.com/go-gorm-sqli-001/positive

go 1.25.0

require (
	github.com/gin-gonic/gin v1.12.0
	gorm.io/gorm v1.31.1
)

require (
	github.com/bytedance/gopkg v0.1.3 // indirect
	github.com/bytedance/sonic v1.15.0 // indirect
	github.com/bytedance/sonic/loader v0.5.0 // indirect
	github.com/cloudwego/base64x v0.1.6 // indirect
	github.com/gabriel-vasile/mimetype v1.4.12 // indirect
	github.com/gin-contrib/sse v1.1.0 // indirect
	github.com/go-playground/locales v0.14.1 // indirect
	github.com/go-playground/universal-translator v0.18.1 // indirect
	github.com/go-playground/validator/v10 v10.30.1 // indirect
	github.com/goccy/go-json v0.10.5 // indirect
	github.com/goccy/go-yaml v1.19.2 // indirect
	github.com/jinzhu/inflection v1.0.0 // indirect
	github.com/jinzhu/now v1.1.5 // indirect
	github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.12 // indirect
	github.com/klauspost/cpuid/v2 v2.3.0 // indirect
	github.com/leodido/go-urn v1.4.0 // indirect
	github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.20 // indirect
	github.com/modern-go/concurrent v0.0.0-20180306012644-bacd9c7ef1dd // indirect
	github.com/modern-go/reflect2 v1.0.2 // indirect
	github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2 v2.2.4 // indirect
	github.com/quic-go/qpack v0.6.0 // indirect
	github.com/quic-go/quic-go v0.59.0 // indirect
	github.com/twitchyliquid64/golang-asm v0.15.1 // indirect
	github.com/ugorji/go/codec v1.3.1 // indirect
	go.mongodb.org/mongo-driver/v2 v2.5.0 // indirect
	golang.org/x/arch v0.22.0 // indirect
	golang.org/x/crypto v0.48.0 // indirect
	golang.org/x/net v0.51.0 // indirect
	golang.org/x/sys v0.41.0 // indirect
	golang.org/x/text v0.34.0 // indirect
	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.10 // indirect
)

# --- file: go.sum ---
github.com/bytedance/gopkg v0.1.3 h1:TPBSwH8RsouGCBcMBktLt1AymVo2TVsBVCY4b6TnZ/M=
github.com/bytedance/gopkg v0.1.3/go.mod h1:576VvJ+eJgyCzdjS+c4+77QF3p7ubbtiKARP3TxducM=
github.com/bytedance/sonic v1.15.0 h1:/PXeWFaR5ElNcVE84U0dOHjiMHQOwNIx3K4ymzh/uSE=
github.com/bytedance/sonic v1.15.0/go.mod h1:tFkWrPz0/CUCLEF4ri4UkHekCIcdnkqXw9VduqpJh0k=
github.com/bytedance/sonic/loader v0.5.0 h1:gXH3KVnatgY7loH5/TkeVyXPfESoqSBSBEiDd5VjlgE=
github.com/bytedance/sonic/loader v0.5.0/go.mod h1:AR4NYCk5DdzZizZ5djGqQ92eEhCCcdf5x77udYiSJRo=
github.com/cloudwego/base64x v0.1.6 h1:t11wG9AECkCDk5fMSoxmufanudBtJ+/HemLstXDLI2M=
github.com/cloudwego/base64x v0.1.6/go.mod h1:OFcloc187FXDaYHvrNIjxSe8ncn0OOM8gEHfghB2IPU=
github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.0/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 h1:vj9j/u1bqnvCEfJOwUhtlOARqs3+rkHYY13jYWTU97c=
github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
github.com/gabriel-vasile/mimetype v1.4.12 h1:e9hWvmLYvtp846tLHam2o++qitpguFiYCKbn0w9jyqw=
github.com/gabriel-vasile/mimetype v1.4.12/go.mod h1:d+9Oxyo1wTzWdyVUPMmXFvp4F9tea18J8ufA774AB3s=
github.com/gin-contrib/sse v1.1.0 h1:n0w2GMuUpWDVp7qSpvze6fAu9iRxJY4Hmj6AmBOU05w=
github.com/gin-contrib/sse v1.1.0/go.mod h1:hxRZ5gVpWMT7Z0B0gSNYqqsSCNIJMjzvm6fqCz9vjwM=
github.com/gin-gonic/gin v1.12.0 h1:b3YAbrZtnf8N//yjKeU2+MQsh2mY5htkZidOM7O0wG8=
github.com/gin-gonic/gin v1.12.0/go.mod h1:VxccKfsSllpKshkBWgVgRniFFAzFb9csfngsqANjnLc=
github.com/go-playground/assert/v2 v2.2.0 h1:JvknZsQTYeFEAhQwI4qEt9cyV5ONwRHC+lYKSsYSR8s=
github.com/go-playground/assert/v2 v2.2.0/go.mod h1:VDjEfimB/XKnb+ZQfWdccd7VUvScMdVu0Titje2rxJ4=
github.com/go-playground/locales v0.14.1 h1:EWaQ/wswjilfKLTECiXz7Rh+3BjFhfDFKv/oXslEjJA=
github.com/go-playground/locales v0.14.1/go.mod h1:hxrqLVvrK65+Rwrd5Fc6F2O76J/NuW9t0sjnWqG1slY=
github.com/go-playground/universal-translator v0.18.1 h1:Bcnm0ZwsGyWbCzImXv+pAJnYK9S473LQFuzCbDbfSFY=
github.com/go-playground/universal-translator v0.18.1/go.mod h1:xekY+UJKNuX9WP91TpwSH2VMlDf28Uj24BCp08ZFTUY=
github.com/go-playground/validator/v10 v10.30.1 h1:f3zDSN/zOma+w6+1Wswgd9fLkdwy06ntQJp0BBvFG0w=
github.com/go-playground/validator/v10 v10.30.1/go.mod h1:oSuBIQzuJxL//3MelwSLD5hc2Tu889bF0Idm9Dg26cM=
github.com/goccy/go-json v0.10.5 h1:Fq85nIqj+gXn/S5ahsiTlK3TmC85qgirsdTP/+DeaC4=
github.com/goccy/go-json v0.10.5/go.mod h1:oq7eo15ShAhp70Anwd5lgX2pLfOS3QCiwU/PULtXL6M=
github.com/goccy/go-yaml v1.19.2 h1:PmFC1S6h8ljIz6gMRBopkjP1TVT7xuwrButHID66PoM=
github.com/goccy/go-yaml v1.19.2/go.mod h1:XBurs7gK8ATbW4ZPGKgcbrY1Br56PdM69F7LkFRi1kA=
github.com/google/go-cmp v0.7.0 h1:wk8382ETsv4JYUZwIsn6YpYiWiBsYLSJiTsyBybVuN8=
github.com/google/go-cmp v0.7.0/go.mod h1:pXiqmnSA92OHEEa9HXL2W4E7lf9JzCmGVUdgjX3N/iU=
github.com/google/gofuzz v1.0.0/go.mod h1:dBl0BpW6vV/+mYPU4Po3pmUjxk6FQPldtuIdl/M65Eg=
github.com/jinzhu/inflection v1.0.0 h1:K317FqzuhWc8YvSVlFMCCUb36O/S9MCKRDI7QkRKD/E=
github.com/jinzhu/inflection v1.0.0/go.mod h1:h+uFLlag+Qp1Va5pdKtLDYj+kHp5pxUVkryuEj+Srlc=
github.com/jinzhu/now v1.1.5 h1:/o9tlHleP7gOFmsnYNz3RGnqzefHA47wQpKrrdTIwXQ=
github.com/jinzhu/now v1.1.5/go.mod h1:d3SSVoowX0Lcu0IBviAWJpolVfI5UJVZZ7cO71lE/z8=
github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.12 h1:PV8peI4a0ysnczrg+LtxykD8LfKY9ML6u2jnxaEnrnM=
github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.12/go.mod h1:e30LSqwooZae/UwlEbR2852Gd8hjQvJoHmT4TnhNGBo=
github.com/klauspost/cpuid/v2 v2.3.0 h1:S4CRMLnYUhGeDFDqkGriYKdfoFlDnMtqTiI/sFzhA9Y=
github.com/klauspost/cpuid/v2 v2.3.0/go.mod h1:hqwkgyIinND0mEev00jJYCxPNVRVXFQeu1XKlok6oO0=
github.com/leodido/go-urn v1.4.0 h1:WT9HwE9SGECu3lg4d/dIA+jxlljEa1/ffXKmRjqdmIQ=
github.com/leodido/go-urn v1.4.0/go.mod h1:bvxc+MVxLKB4z00jd1z+Dvzr47oO32F/QSNjSBOlFxI=
github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.20 h1:xfD0iDuEKnDkl03q4limB+vH+GxLEtL/jb4xVJSWWEY=
github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.20/go.mod h1:W+V8PltTTMOvKvAeJH7IuucS94S2C6jfK/D7dTCTo3Y=
github.com/modern-go/concurrent v0.0.0-20180228061459-e0a39a4cb421/go.mod h1:6dJC0mAP4ikYIbvyc7fijjWJddQyLn8Ig3JB5CqoB9Q=
github.com/modern-go/concurrent v0.0.0-20180306012644-bacd9c7ef1dd h1:TRLaZ9cD/w8PVh93nsPXa1VrQ6jlwL5oN8l14QlcNfg=
github.com/modern-go/concurrent v0.0.0-20180306012644-bacd9c7ef1dd/go.mod h1:6dJC0mAP4ikYIbvyc7fijjWJddQyLn8Ig3JB5CqoB9Q=
github.com/modern-go/reflect2 v1.0.2 h1:xBagoLtFs94CBntxluKeaWgTMpvLxC4ur3nMaC9Gz0M=
github.com/modern-go/reflect2 v1.0.2/go.mod h1:yWuevngMOJpCy52FWWMvUC8ws7m/LJsjYzDa0/r8luk=
github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2 v2.2.4 h1:mye9XuhQ6gvn5h28+VilKrrPoQVanw5PMw/TB0t5Ec4=
github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2 v2.2.4/go.mod h1:2gIqNv+qfxSVS7cM2xJQKtLSTLUE9V8t9Stt+h56mCY=
github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 h1:4DBwDE0NGyQoBHbLQYPwSUPoCMWR5BEzIk/f1lZbAQM=
github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0/go.mod h1:iKH77koFhYxTK1pcRnkKkqfTogsbg7gZNVY4sRDYZ/4=
github.com/quic-go/qpack v0.6.0 h1:g7W+BMYynC1LbYLSqRt8PBg5Tgwxn214ZZR34VIOjz8=
github.com/quic-go/qpack v0.6.0/go.mod h1:lUpLKChi8njB4ty2bFLX2x4gzDqXwUpaO1DP9qMDZII=
github.com/quic-go/quic-go v0.59.0 h1:OLJkp1Mlm/aS7dpKgTc6cnpynnD2Xg7C1pwL6vy/SAw=
github.com/quic-go/quic-go v0.59.0/go.mod h1:upnsH4Ju1YkqpLXC305eW3yDZ4NfnNbmQRCMWS58IKU=
github.com/stretchr/objx v0.1.0/go.mod h1:HFkY916IF+rwdDfMAkV7OtwuqBVzrE8GR6GFx+wExME=
github.com/stretchr/objx v0.4.0/go.mod h1:YvHI0jy2hoMjB+UWwv71VJQ9isScKT/TqJzVSSt89Yw=
github.com/stretchr/objx v0.5.0/go.mod h1:Yh+to48EsGEfYuaHDzXPcE3xhTkx73EhmCGUpEOglKo=
github.com/stretchr/objx v0.5.2/go.mod h1:FRsXN1f5AsAjCGJKqEizvkpNtU+EGNCLh3NxZ/8L+MA=
github.com/stretchr/testify v1.3.0/go.mod h1:M5WIy9Dh21IEIfnGCwXGc5bZfKNJtfHm1UVUgZn+9EI=
github.com/stretchr/testify v1.7.1/go.mod h1:6Fq8oRcR53rry900zMqJjRRixrwX3KX962/h/Wwjteg=
github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.0/go.mod h1:yNjHg4UonilssWZ8iaSj1OCr/vHnekPRkoO+kdMU+MU=
github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.4/go.mod h1:sz/lmYIOXD/1dqDmKjjqLyZ2RngseejIcXlSw2iwfAo=
github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0/go.mod h1:r2ic/lqez/lEtzL7wO/rwa5dbSLXVDPFyf8C91i36aY=
github.com/stretchr/testify v1.11.1 h1:7s2iGBzp5EwR7/aIZr8ao5+dra3wiQyKjjFuvgVKu7U=
github.com/stretchr/testify v1.11.1/go.mod h1:wZwfW3scLgRK+23gO65QZefKpKQRnfz6sD981Nm4B6U=
github.com/twitchyliquid64/golang-asm v0.15.1 h1:SU5vSMR7hnwNxj24w34ZyCi/FmDZTkS4MhqMhdFk5YI=
github.com/twitchyliquid64/golang-asm v0.15.1/go.mod h1:a1lVb/DtPvCB8fslRZhAngC2+aY1QWCk3Cedj/Gdt08=
github.com/ugorji/go/codec v1.3.1 h1:waO7eEiFDwidsBN6agj1vJQ4AG7lh2yqXyOXqhgQuyY=
github.com/ugorji/go/codec v1.3.1/go.mod h1:pRBVtBSKl77K30Bv8R2P+cLSGaTtex6fsA2Wjqmfxj4=
go.mongodb.org/mongo-driver/v2 v2.5.0 h1:yXUhImUjjAInNcpTcAlPHiT7bIXhshCTL3jVBkF3xaE=
go.mongodb.org/mongo-driver/v2 v2.5.0/go.mod h1:yOI9kBsufol30iFsl1slpdq1I0eHPzybRWdyYUs8K/0=
go.uber.org/mock v0.6.0 h1:hyF9dfmbgIX5EfOdasqLsWD6xqpNZlXblLB/Dbnwv3Y=
go.uber.org/mock v0.6.0/go.mod h1:KiVJ4BqZJaMj4svdfmHM0AUx4NJYO8ZNpPnZn1Z+BBU=
golang.org/x/arch v0.22.0 h1:c/Zle32i5ttqRXjdLyyHZESLD/bB90DCU1g9l/0YBDI=
golang.org/x/arch v0.22.0/go.mod h1:dNHoOeKiyja7GTvF9NJS1l3Z2yntpQNzgrjh1cU103A=
golang.org/x/crypto v0.48.0 h1:/VRzVqiRSggnhY7gNRxPauEQ5Drw9haKdM0jqfcCFts=
golang.org/x/crypto v0.48.0/go.mod h1:r0kV5h3qnFPlQnBSrULhlsRfryS2pmewsg+XfMgkVos=
golang.org/x/net v0.51.0 h1:94R/GTO7mt3/4wIKpcR5gkGmRLOuE/2hNGeWq/GBIFo=
golang.org/x/net v0.51.0/go.mod h1:aamm+2QF5ogm02fjy5Bb7CQ0WMt1/WVM7FtyaTLlA9Y=
golang.org/x/sys v0.6.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
golang.org/x/sys v0.41.0 h1:Ivj+2Cp/ylzLiEU89QhWblYnOE9zerudt9Ftecq2C6k=
golang.org/x/sys v0.41.0/go.mod h1:OgkHotnGiDImocRcuBABYBEXf8A9a87e/uXjp9XT3ks=
golang.org/x/text v0.34.0 h1:oL/Qq0Kdaqxa1KbNeMKwQq0reLCCaFtqu2eNuSeNHbk=
golang.org/x/text v0.34.0/go.mod h1:homfLqTYRFyVYemLBFl5GgL/DWEiH5wcsQ5gSh1yziA=
google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.10 h1:AYd7cD/uASjIL6Q9LiTjz8JLcrh/88q5UObnmY3aOOE=
google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.10/go.mod h1:HTf+CrKn2C3g5S8VImy6tdcUvCska2kB7j23XfzDpco=
gopkg.in/check.v1 v0.0.0-20161208181325-20d25e280405/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.0-20200313102051-9f266ea9e77c/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 h1:fxVm/GzAzEWqLHuvctI91KS9hhNmmWOoWu0XTYJS7CA=
gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
gorm.io/gorm v1.31.1 h1:7CA8FTFz/gRfgqgpeKIBcervUn3xSyPUmr6B2WXJ7kg=
gorm.io/gorm v1.31.1/go.mod h1:XyQVbO2k6YkOis7C2437jSit3SsDK72s7n7rsSHd+Gs=
```

## Secure Code

```python
// SECURE: GORM Raw with ? placeholders
func searchProducts(db *gorm.DB, r *http.Request) {
    search := r.FormValue("search")
    var results []Product
    db.Raw("SELECT * FROM products WHERE name LIKE ?", "%"+search+"%").Scan(&results)
}

// SECURE: GORM Exec with ? placeholders
func updateUserRole(db *gorm.DB, r *http.Request) {
    userID := r.FormValue("user_id")
    role := r.FormValue("role")
    db.Exec("UPDATE users SET role = ? WHERE id = ?", role, userID)
}

// SECURE: GORM struct-based query builder (automatically parameterized)
func getActiveUsers(db *gorm.DB, r *http.Request) {
    status := r.FormValue("status")
    var users []User
    // Struct condition: GORM parameterizes the value automatically
    db.Where(&User{Status: status}).Find(&users)
}

// SECURE: named parameters with @name syntax
func findUserByName(db *gorm.DB, name string) {
    var user User
    db.Raw("SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = @name", sql.Named("name", name)).Scan(&user)
}

```

## Detection Rule (Python SDK)

```python
"""GO-GORM-SQLI-001: SQL injection via GORM Raw/Exec with user-controlled input."""

from codepathfinder.go_rule import (
    GoGinContext,
    GoEchoContext,
    GoFiberCtx,
    GoGormDB,
    GoHTTPRequest,
    GoStrconv,
    QueryType,
)
from codepathfinder import flows
from codepathfinder.presets import PropagationPresets
from codepathfinder.go_decorators import go_rule


class GoChiRouter(QueryType):
    fqns = ["github.com/go-chi/chi/v5"]
    patterns = ["chi.*"]
    match_subclasses = False


@go_rule(
    id="GO-GORM-SQLI-001",
    severity="CRITICAL",
    cwe="CWE-89",
    owasp="A03:2021",
    tags="go,security,sql-injection,gorm,CWE-89,OWASP-A03",
    message=(
        "User-controlled input flows into GORM Raw() or Exec() with raw SQL. "
        "This creates a SQL injection vulnerability — attackers can modify the query. "
        "Use GORM parameterized queries: db.Raw('SELECT * WHERE name = ?', name)"
    ),
)
def detect_gorm_sqli():
    """Detect SQL injection via GORM Raw/Exec with user-controlled input."""
    return flows(
        from_sources=[
            GoGinContext.method(
                "Query", "Param", "PostForm", "GetHeader",
                "ShouldBindJSON", "BindJSON", "GetRawData"
            ),
            GoEchoContext.method("QueryParam", "FormValue", "Param", "PathParam"),
            GoFiberCtx.method("Params", "Query", "FormValue", "Get"),
            GoHTTPRequest.method("FormValue", "PostFormValue"),
            GoHTTPRequest.attr("Body", "URL.Path", "URL.RawQuery"),
        ],
        to_sinks=[
            GoGormDB.method("Raw", "Exec"),
        ],
        sanitized_by=[
            GoStrconv.method("Atoi", "ParseInt", "ParseFloat", "ParseUint"),
        ],
        propagates_through=PropagationPresets.standard(),
        scope="global",
    )
```

## How to Fix

- Use ? positional placeholders in GORM Raw() and Exec(): db.Raw("WHERE id = ?", id).
- Use @name named parameters for complex queries with multiple reused values.
- Prefer GORM's struct-based query builder (Where, Find, First, Create) over Raw/Exec.
- Validate dynamic column/table names against an explicit allowlist before use.
- Enable GORM's Logger in development to review generated SQL for unexpected patterns.
- See GORM security documentation for the authoritative list of unsafe patterns.

## Security Implications

- **Bypasses ORM Safety Assumptions:** GORM's structured query methods (Where with struct, Find, First) are parameterized
automatically. The Raw/Exec pattern breaks this guarantee. Developers who trust GORM
for safety may not inspect Raw/Exec calls during security review.

- **Full Database Exfiltration via UNION:** UNION SELECT injection against a GORM Raw() call can dump arbitrary tables.
GORM automatically scans UNION results into the destination struct — making
exfiltrated data immediately available to the attacker in the response.

- **Blind Injection via Scan():** Even when Raw().Scan() appears to limit output to the expected struct fields,
blind time-based injection (pg_sleep, SLEEP, WAITFOR) enables data exfiltration
via timing channels.


## References

- [CWE-89: SQL Injection — MITRE](https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/89.html)
- [GORM Security documentation](https://gorm.io/docs/security.html)
- [GORM SQL Builder documentation](https://gorm.io/docs/sql_builder.html)
- [CVE-2024-37896 — gin-vue-admin SQL injection (GitHub Advisory)](https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2024-37896)
- [OWASP SQL Injection Prevention Cheat Sheet](https://cheatsheetseries.owasp.org/cheatsheets/SQL_Injection_Prevention_Cheat_Sheet.html)

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Source: https://codepathfinder.dev/registry/golang/security/GO-GORM-SQLI-001
Code Pathfinder — Open source, type-aware SAST with cross-file dataflow analysis